{"id":9695,"date":"2018-11-22T01:00:40","date_gmt":"2018-11-22T01:00:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/?p=9695"},"modified":"2024-03-18T22:17:37","modified_gmt":"2024-03-18T21:17:37","slug":"whats-really-warming-the-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/archives\/9695","title":{"rendered":"What\u2019s Really Warming the World? di Eric Roston e Blacki Migliozzi"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">tempo di lettura: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 5<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minuti<\/span><\/span><p><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<a class=\"maxbutton-4 maxbutton maxbutton-livello-di-comprensione\" href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class='mb-text'>livello elementare<\/span><\/a>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">ARGOMENTO: CLIMATOLOGIA<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">PERIODO: ODIERNO<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">AREA: CLIMA<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">parole chiave: riscaldamento globale<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/graphics\/2015-whats-warming-the-world\/\">article b<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/graphics\/2015-whats-warming-the-world\/\">y Eric Roston&nbsp;and Blacki Migliozzi&nbsp;&nbsp;| June 24, 2015<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/graphics\/2015-whats-warming-the-world\/\"><br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Skeptics of manmade climate change offer various natural causes to explain why the Earth has warmed 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1880. But can these account for the planet\u2019s rising temperature? Scroll down to see show how much different factors, both natural and industrial, contribute to global warming, based on findings from NASA\u2019s Goddard Institute for Space Studies.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/greenhouse-gas-effect-climate-change.jpg\" alt=\"greenhouse-gas-effect-climate-change\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Is It the Earth\u2019s Orbit?<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>The Earth wobbles on its axis, and its tilt and orbit change over many thousands of years, pushing the climate into and out of ice ages. Yet the influence of orbital changes on the planet\u2019s temperature over 125 years has been negligible.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Is It the Sun?<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>The sun\u2019s temperature varies over decades and centuries. These changes have had little effect on the Earth\u2019s overall climate.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Is It Volcanoes?<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>The data suggest no. Human industry emits about 100 times more CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;than volcanic activity, and eruptions release sulfate chemicals that can actually cool the atmosphere for a year or two.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Is it All Three of These Things Combined?<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>If it were, then the response to natural factors should match the observed temperature. Adding the natural factors together just doesn\u2019t add up.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>So If It\u2019s Not Nature, Is It Deforestation?<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>Humans have cut, plowed, and paved more than half the Earth\u2019s land surface. Dark forests are yielding to lighter patches, which reflect more sunlight\u2014and have a slight cooling effect.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Or Ozone Pollution?<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>Natural ozone high in the atmosphere blocks harmful sunlight and cools things slightly. Closer to Earth, ozone is created by pollution and traps heat, making the climate a little bit hotter. What\u2019s the overall effect? Not much.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Or Aerosol Pollution?<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>Some pollutants cool the atmosphere, like sulfate aerosols from coal-burning. These aerosols offset some of the warming. (Unfortunately, they also cause acid rain.)<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">No, It Really Is Greenhouse Gases.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/greenhouse_gases.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9700 alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/greenhouse_gases.jpg\" alt=\"greenhouse_gases\" width=\"790\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/greenhouse_gases.jpg 700w, https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/greenhouse_gases-300x171.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Atmospheric CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;levels are 40 percent higher than they were in 1750. The green line shows the influence of greenhouse gas emissions. It&#8217;s no contest.&nbsp;Greenhouse gases warm the atmosphere. Aerosols cool it a little bit. Ozone and land-use changes add and subtract a little. Together they match the observed temperature, particularly since 1950.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Compare and Contrast<\/span><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nPutting the possible natural and human causes of climate change alongside one another makes the dominant role of greenhouse gases even more plainly visible. The only real question is:&nbsp;<strong><span style=\"color: #008000; font-size: 12pt;\">What are we going to do about it?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Researchers, who study the Earth&#8217;s climate, create models to test their assumptions about the causes and trajectory of global warming. Around the world there are 28 or so research groups in more than a dozen countries who have written sixty one <a href=\"http:\/\/cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov\/cmip5\/availability.html\">climate models<\/a>. Each takes a slightly different approach to the elements of the climate system, such as ice, oceans, or atmospheric chemistry.&nbsp;The computer model that generated the results for this graphic is called &#8220;ModelE2,&#8221; and was created by&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.giss.nasa.gov\/\">NASA&#8217;s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS)<\/a>, which has been a leader in climate projections for a generation. ModelE2 contains something on the order of 500,000 lines of code, and is run on a supercomputer at the NASA Center for Climate Simulation in Greenbelt, Maryland.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Global Research Project<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>GISS produced the results shown here in 2012, as part of its contribution to an international climate-science research initiative called the <strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase Five<\/span><\/strong>. Let&#8217;s just call it &#8220;<strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Phase-5<\/span><\/strong>.&#8221;<br \/>\nPhase-5 is designed both to see how well models replicate known climate history and to make projections about where the world\u2019s temperature is headed. Initial results from Phase-5 were used in the 2013 scientific tome published by the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change<\/a>.&nbsp;There are more than 30 different kinds of experiments included in Phase-5 research.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">These tests address questions like, what would happen to the Earth\u2019s temperature if atmospheric carbon dioxide suddenly quadrupled? Or, what would the world\u2019s climate be like through 2300 if we keep burning fossil fuels at the current rate? Phase-5 calls for a suite of &#8220;historical&#8221; experiments. Research groups were asked to see how well they could reproduce what&#8217;s known about the climate from 1850-2005. They were also asked to estimate how the various climate factors\u2014or &#8220;forcings&#8221;\u2014contribute to those temperatures. That&#8217;s why this graphic stops in 2005, even though the GISS observed temperature data is up-to-date. The years 2005-2012 were not a part of the Phase-5 &#8220;historical&#8221; experiment.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Word About Temperatures<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>Climate scientists tend not to report climate results in whole temperatures. Instead, they talk about how the annual temperature departs from an average, or baseline. They call these departures &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/monitoring-references\/faq\/anomalies.php\">anomalies<\/a>.&#8221; They do this because temperature anomalies are more consistent in an area than absolute temperatures are. For example, the absolute temperature atop the Empire State Building may be different by several degrees than the absolute temperature at New York\u2019s La Guardia Airport. But the differences from their own averages are likely to be about the same. It means that scientists can get a better idea about temperature with fewer monitoring stations. That\u2019s particularly useful in places where measurement is very difficult (ie, deserts).&nbsp;The simulation results are aligned to the observations using the 1880-1910 average. What&#8217;s most important about these temperatures are the trends\u2014the shape and trajectory of the line, and not any single year\u2019s temperature.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Cattura-trend.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9696\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Cattura-trend.jpg\" alt=\"Cattura trend\" width=\"1459\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Cattura-trend.jpg 1459w, https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Cattura-trend-300x140.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Cattura-trend-1024x479.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1459px) 100vw, 1459px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>What the Lines Show<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>The black &#8220;observed&#8221; line is the GISS global land and ocean temperature record, which can be found&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/data.giss.nasa.gov\/gistemp\/graphs_v3\/\">here<\/a>. It starts in 1880.&nbsp;The colored temperature lines are the modeled estimates that each climate factor contributes to the overall temperature. Each factor was simulated five times, with different initial conditions; each slide here shows the average of five runs. GISS researchers laid out their historical simulations in detail last year in this&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/pubs.giss.nasa.gov\/abs\/mi08910y.html\">article<\/a>. The modeled years 1850-1879 from the Phase-5 &#8220;historical&#8221; experiment are not shown because the observed data begins in 1880.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Confidence Ranges<\/span><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nResearchers do not expect their models to reproduce weather events or El Ni\u00f1o phases exactly when they happened in real life. They do expect the models to capture how the whole system behaves over long periods of time. For example, in 1998 there was a powerful El Ni\u00f1o, when the equatorial Pacific Ocean warms (&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2015-06-23\/el-nino-seen-strengthening-as-pacific-warms-just-like-it-s-1997\">we&#8217;re in another one of that scale now<\/a>). A simulation wouldn&#8217;t necessarily reproduce an El Ni\u00f1o in 1998, but it should produce a realistic number of them over the course of many years.&nbsp;The temperature lines represent the average of the model\u2019s estimates. The uncertainty bands illustrate the outer range of reasonable estimates.&nbsp;In short, the temperature lines in the modeled results might not line up exactly with observations. For any year, 95% of the simulations with that forcing will lie inside the band.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">Data<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong>The raw observational and model data can be downloaded here:<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/graphics\/2015-whats-warming-the-world\/data\/observed.csv\">Observed land-ocean temperature<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/graphics\/2015-whats-warming-the-world\/data\/forcings.csv\">Responses to climate forcings<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/graphics\/2015-whats-warming-the-world\/data\/piControl.csv\">850 year Preindustrial control experiment<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Acknowledgments<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nMany thanks to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/DrKateMarvel\">Kate Marvel<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/ClimateOfGavin\">Gavin Schmidt<\/a>&nbsp;of NASA-GISS.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Alcune delle foto presenti in questo blog possono essere state prese dal web, pur rispettando la netiquette, citandone ove possibile gli autori e\/o le fonti. Se qualcuno desiderasse specificarne l\u2019autore o rimuoverle, pu\u00f2 scrivere a infoocean4future@gmail.com e provvederemo immediatamente alla correzione dell\u2019articolo<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<a class=\"maxbutton-3 maxbutton maxbutton-pagina-principale\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"tooltip\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\"><span class='mb-text'>PAGINA PRINCIPALE - HOME PAGE<\/span><\/a>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">tempo di lettura: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 5<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minuti<\/span><\/span>. . ARGOMENTO: CLIMATOLOGIA PERIODO: ODIERNO AREA: CLIMA parole chiave: riscaldamento globale article by Eric Roston&nbsp;and Blacki Migliozzi&nbsp;&nbsp;| June 24, 2015 Skeptics of manmade climate change offer various natural causes to explain why the Earth has warmed 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1880. But can these account for the planet\u2019s rising temperature? Scroll down to see [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2398,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[214,1640,1641,1168],"class_list":["post-9695","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-oceanografia","tag-climate-change","tag-climatologia","tag-futuro","tag-warming-the-world"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What\u2019s Really Warming the World? di Eric Roston e Blacki Migliozzi &#8226; OCEAN4FUTURE autore<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/archives\/9695\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"it_IT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What\u2019s Really Warming the World? di Eric Roston e Blacki Migliozzi &#8226; OCEAN4FUTURE autore\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Eric Roston\u00a0and Blacki Migliozzi\u00a0\u00a0| June 24, 2015 Skeptics of manmade climate change offer various natural causes to explain why the Earth has warmed 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1880. 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