{"id":7979,"date":"2017-05-28T00:30:54","date_gmt":"2017-05-28T00:30:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/?p=7979"},"modified":"2023-03-31T12:11:54","modified_gmt":"2023-03-31T10:11:54","slug":"global-alteration-of-ocean-ecosystem-functioning-due-to-increasing-human-co2-emissions-by-ivan-nagelkerken-and-sean-d-connel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/archives\/7979","title":{"rendered":"Global alteration of ocean ecosystem functioning due to increasing human CO2 emissions by Ivan Nagelkerken and Sean D. Connel"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">tempo di lettura: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 3<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minuti<\/span><\/span><p><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a class=\"maxbutton-4 maxbutton maxbutton-livello-di-comprensione\" href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class='mb-text'>livello elementare<\/span><\/a><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">ARGOMENTO: ECOLOGIA<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">PERIODO: XXI SECOLO<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">AREA: DIDATTICA<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nparole chiave: coral bleaching<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">Abstract<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong>An interesting essay edited by Nancy Knowlton, Smithsonian Institution, DC, Washington (approved September 10, 2015).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/opening-2016.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-13846\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/opening-2016.jpg\" alt=\"opening 2016\" width=\"780\" height=\"519\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/opening-2016.jpg 4310w, https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/opening-2016-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/opening-2016-1024x681.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; color: #008000;\">Significance<\/span><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">People are not only concerned about climate change and its effects on plant and animal diversity but also about how humans are fundamentally changing the globe\u2019s largest ecosystem that sustains economic revenue and food for many countries.<\/span><\/strong> We show that many species communities and ocean habitats will change from their current states. Ocean acidification and warming increase the potential for an overall simplification of ecosystem structure and function with reduced energy flow among trophic levels and little scope for species to acclimate. The future simplification of our oceans has profound consequences for our current way of life, particularly for coastal populations and those that rely on oceans for food and trade.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Cattura.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-7980 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Cattura.jpg\" alt=\"Cattura\" width=\"716\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Cattura.jpg 716w, https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Cattura-300x204.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 716px) 100vw, 716px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/2.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-7981 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/2.jpg\" alt=\"2\" width=\"710\" height=\"597\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/2.jpg 710w, https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/2-300x252.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5147 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/Infographic11-e1448901356139.jpg\" alt=\"Infographic11\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1391\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #008000;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><br \/>\nContent<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Rising anthropogenic CO<sub>2<\/sub> emissions are anticipated to drive change to ocean ecosystems, but a conceptualization of biological change derived from quantitative analyses is lacking.<\/span> <\/strong>Derived from multiple ecosystems and latitudes, our meta-analysis of 632 published experiments quantified the direction and magnitude of ecological change resulting from ocean acidification and warming to conceptualize broadly based change.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/coulombe-1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-13845\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/coulombe-1.jpg\" alt=\"coulombe (1)\" width=\"750\" height=\"551\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/coulombe-1.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/coulombe-1-300x220.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/coulombe-1-1024x752.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/coulombe-1-220x161.jpg 220w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><br \/>\nPrimary production by temperate non calcifying plankton increases with elevated temperature and CO<sub>2<\/sub>, whereas tropical plankton decreases productivity because of acidification.<\/span><br \/>\n<\/strong>Temperature increases consumption by and metabolic rates of herbivores, but this response does not translate into greater secondary production, which instead decreases with acidification in calcifying and non calcifying species. This effect creates a mismatch with carnivores whose metabolic and foraging costs increase with temperature.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/11954698_1109813725714674_6598040290069632505_n.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4102 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/11954698_1109813725714674_6598040290069632505_n.jpg\" alt=\"11954698_1109813725714674_6598040290069632505_n\" width=\"720\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/11954698_1109813725714674_6598040290069632505_n.jpg 720w, https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/11954698_1109813725714674_6598040290069632505_n-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/11954698_1109813725714674_6598040290069632505_n-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/11954698_1109813725714674_6598040290069632505_n-50x50.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><br \/>\nSpecies diversity and abundances of tropical as well as temperate species decline with acidification<\/span><\/strong>, with shifts favoring novel community compositions dominated by non calcifiers and microorganisms. <strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Both warming and acidification instigate reduced calcification in tropical and temperate reef-building species<\/span><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Acidification leads to a decline in <strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">dimethyl sulfide<\/span><\/strong> production by ocean plankton, which as a climate gas, contributes to cloud formation and maintenance of the Earth\u2019s heat budget.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Analysis of responses in short- and long-term experiments and of studies at natural CO<sub>2<\/sub> vents reveals little evidence of acclimation to acidification or temperature changes, except for microbes. This conceptualization of change across whole communities and their trophic linkages forecast a reduction in diversity and abundances of various key species that underpin current functioning of marine ecosystems.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">This link &nbsp;contains supporting information online at&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; color: #008000;\"> <a class=\"in-nw-vis\" style=\"color: #008000;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/lookup\/suppl\/doi:10.1073\/pnas.1510856112\/-\/DCSupplemental\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.pnas.org<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"maxbutton-27 maxbutton maxbutton-un-regalo-per-te\" href=\"https:\/\/www.primevideo.com\/offers\/ref=atv_nb_lcl_it_IT?tag=amazon0e150-21 Italia\"><span class='mb-text'>Una sorpresa per te su Amazon Music unlimited<\/span><\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a class=\"maxbutton-28 maxbutton maxbutton-amazon-prime\" title=\"Scopri i vantaggi di Amazon Prime\" href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class='mb-text'>Scopri i vantaggi di Amazon Prime<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Alcune delle foto presenti in questo blog possono essere state prese dal web, citandone ove possibile gli autori e\/o le fonti. Se qualcuno desiderasse specificarne l\u2019autore o rimuoverle, pu\u00f2 scrivere a infoocean4future@gmail.com e provvederemo immediatamente alla correzione dell\u2019articolo<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<a class=\"maxbutton-3 maxbutton maxbutton-pagina-principale\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"tooltip\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\"><span class='mb-text'>PAGINA PRINCIPALE<\/span><\/a>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">tempo di lettura: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 3<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minuti<\/span><\/span>. . . ARGOMENTO: ECOLOGIA PERIODO: XXI SECOLO AREA: DIDATTICA parole chiave: coral bleaching . Abstract An interesting essay edited by Nancy Knowlton, Smithsonian Institution, DC, Washington (approved September 10, 2015). Significance People are not only concerned about climate change and its effects on plant and animal diversity but also about how humans are fundamentally [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2398,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[287,1509,1511,1661,697],"class_list":["post-7979","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ecologia-marina","tag-co2","tag-ecosystem-pollution","tag-effetto-serra","tag-inquinamento-atmosferico","tag-ocean"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Global alteration of ocean ecosystem functioning due to increasing human CO2 emissions by Ivan Nagelkerken and Sean D. Connel &#8226; OCEAN4FUTURE autore<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/archives\/7979\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"it_IT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Global alteration of ocean ecosystem functioning due to increasing human CO2 emissions by Ivan Nagelkerken and Sean D. Connel &#8226; OCEAN4FUTURE autore\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"tempo di lettura:  3 minuti. . . ARGOMENTO: ECOLOGIA PERIODO: XXI SECOLO AREA: DIDATTICA parole chiave: coral bleaching . Abstract An interesting essay edited by Nancy Knowlton, Smithsonian Institution, DC, Washington (approved September 10, 2015). Significance People are not only concerned about climate change and its effects on plant and animal diversity but also about how humans are fundamentally [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/archives\/7979\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"OCEAN4FUTURE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-05-28T00:30:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-03-31T10:11:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/elionicosia-3.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1276\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"854\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Redazione OCEAN4FUTURE\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@ocean4future\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@ocean4future\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Scritto da\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Redazione OCEAN4FUTURE\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tempo di lettura stimato\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minuti\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/archives\/7979#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/archives\/7979\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Redazione OCEAN4FUTURE\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/#\/schema\/person\/ad3962a4283da6a7ba5d2e66f435a340\"},\"headline\":\"Global alteration of ocean ecosystem functioning due to increasing human CO2 emissions by Ivan Nagelkerken and Sean D. 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