{"id":5827,"date":"2017-06-22T05:00:18","date_gmt":"2017-06-22T04:00:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/?p=5827"},"modified":"2025-08-31T16:03:41","modified_gmt":"2025-08-31T14:03:41","slug":"lo-scafandro-i-primi-passi-parte-2-di-fabio-vitale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/archives\/5827","title":{"rendered":"Lo scafandro, i primi passi: da Fr\u00e9minet a Klingert  &#8211; parte II"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">tempo di lettura: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 4<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minuti<\/span><\/span><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"maxbutton-4 maxbutton maxbutton-livello-di-comprensione\" href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class='mb-text'>livello elementare<\/span><\/a><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">ARGOMENTO: SUBACQUEA<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">PERIODO: XVIII-XIX SECOLO<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">AREA: STORIA DELLA SUBACQUEA<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nparole chiave: scafandri, subacquea<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nel precedente articolo abbiamo visto come, da Alessandro Magno al Borelli passando per Leonardo da Vinci, si fossero piantati i semi che avrebbero fatto germogliare lo scafandro elastico da palombaro a met\u00e0 dell\u2019Ottocento. Pur se teorici ed in parte mai realizzati, ritengo sia interessante passare in rassegna alcuni dei progetti pi\u00f9 famosi che spesso abbiamo visto sulle pagine dei libri senza magari renderci conto delle complicate soluzioni trovate dai loro inventori.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">La \u201cMacchina Idrostatica\u201d di Fr\u00e9minet<\/span><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nUno dei primi scafandri di tipo \u201cmoderno\u201d lo ritroviamo nel 1772, fu\u00a0la cosiddetta\u00a0<em>\u201c<strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Macchina Idrostatica<\/span><\/strong>\u201d<\/em> di <strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Fr\u00e9minet<\/span><\/strong>,\u00a0composta da un vestito in cuoio fissato all&#8217;elmo in rame munito di due obl\u00f2 e da una riserva di aria calata dalla superficie.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_41715\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-41715\" style=\"width: 750px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-41715\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/freminet-FIGURA-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"645\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-41715\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">La \u201cMachine hydrostatergatique\u201d di Fr\u00e9minet<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Da questa &#8220;riserva di aria&#8221; partivano due lunghi tubi flessibili (nel diegno a lto descritti con la lettera C) collegati all&#8217;elmo A: uno serviva per la mandata dell\u2019aria, che arrivava davanti alla bocca del palombaro, e uno di richiamo dell\u2019aria viziata fissato al disopra del primo. Un meccanismo a molla faceva funzionare il mantice che provocava la circolazione dell\u2019aria in andata e ritorno. Dopo aver sperimentato, sin dal 1771 la strana apparecchiatura in superficie, <strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Sieur Fr\u00e8minet<\/span><\/strong> ide\u00f2 questa nuova strana macchina per assicurare la respirazione autonoma al palombaro, tramite un serbatoio. Fr\u00e9minet chiam\u00f2 la sua invenzione <strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">machine <\/span><span style=\"color: #008000;\">hydrostatergatique<\/span><\/strong> e la us\u00f2 con successo per pi\u00f9 di dieci anni nei porti di Le Havre e a Brest.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5829\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5829\" style=\"width: 660px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5829\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/FIGURA-1BIS.jpeg\" alt=\"FIGURA 1BIS\" width=\"660\" height=\"1124\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/FIGURA-1BIS.jpeg 178w, https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/FIGURA-1BIS-176x300.jpeg 176w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5829\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>Uno sviluppo dello scafandro di Fr\u00e9minet con la riserva di aria posta direttamente sulle spalle<\/strong><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La cosa che ci meraviglia non poco \u00e8 che con questo scafandro lo stesso <strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Fr\u00e9minet<\/span> <\/strong>ed altri volontari riuscirono a immergersi svariate volte fino ad arrivare, secondo le cronache ben circostanziate del tempo, ad <strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">una permanenza di un\u2019ora a 16,50 metri di profondit\u00e0<\/span><\/strong>, svolgendo in alcuni casi anche dei recuperi di oggetti dal fondo (attrezzi, ancore, ecc.). Nonostante il funzionamento della <strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">machine hydrostatergatique di <\/span><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Fr\u00e9minet<\/span><\/strong> fosse veramente empirico ed inefficace nella depurazione dell\u2019aria, sembra che nessun incidente capit\u00f2 durante gli esperimenti.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Lo scafandro di Klingert<\/span><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nQualche anno dopo, nel 1797, forse \u201cagevolato\u201d dalle improbabili sperimentazioni di <strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Fr\u00e9minet<\/span><\/strong>, compar\u00ec lo scafandro di\u00a0<strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\"> Karl Heinrich Klingert, <\/span><\/strong>uno scienziato polacco\u00a0 originario di Wroclaw (Breslavia). Lo scienziato era particolarmente interessato alla termodinamica, alla meccanica dei fluidi e alla fisica applicata, conducendo nuovi esperimenti con elettricit\u00e0 e aria. Tra le tante cose che invent\u00f2: una pompa che rilasciava ossigeno dall&#8217;acqua, un accendino ad aria compressa, lampada subacquea, scala antincendio, termometro e bussola per non vedenti, protesi del braccio, sedie per esercizi di riabilitazione ed a rotelle, compressore e cilindri.\u00a0Klingert esegu\u00ec la prima serie di test l&#8217;anno successivo e, con il suo assistente <strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">F. W. Joachim<\/span><\/strong>, complet\u00f2 con successo diverse immersioni. Lo scafandro di Klingert ha molti punti in comune con quello di Fr\u00e8minet, a partire dallo scafandro e dal vestito in cuoio collegato all&#8217;elmo in rame. Anche qui la circolazione dell\u2019aria avveniva attraverso due tubi flessibili, uno di andata e uno di ritorno, ma il sistema venne perfezionato.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_41716\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-41716\" style=\"width: 739px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-41716\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Klingert-diving-machine-1797.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"739\" height=\"783\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Klingert-diving-machine-1797.jpg 606w, https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Klingert-diving-machine-1797-283x300.jpg 283w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 739px) 100vw, 739px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-41716\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">scafandro di Klingert &#8211; 1797<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Infatti, il palombaro espelleva l\u2019aria espirando in un boccaglio collegato al tubo di ritorno mentre inspirava nell&#8217;elmo dove arriva l\u2019aria pura.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5831\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5831\" style=\"width: 673px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5831\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/FIGURA-3.jpeg\" alt=\"FIGURA 3\" width=\"673\" height=\"1487\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/FIGURA-3.jpeg 237w, https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/FIGURA-3-136x300.jpeg 136w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 673px) 100vw, 673px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5831\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Lo scafandro di Klingert accoppiato al serbatoio idrostatico<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A questa prima versione Klingert fece seguire un perfezionamento che vedeva lo scafandro accoppiato ad un ingegnoso sistema di rifornimento di aria che contemporaneamente fungeva da \u201cascensore idrostatico\u201d.\u00a0Per ironia della storia, <strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Klingert<\/span> <\/strong>progett\u00f2 e costru\u00ec questo scafandro pur essendo nato e vissuto ben lontano dal mare, a Breslavia. Anche questo scafandro venne sperimentato con immersioni pratiche consentendo al \u201cpalombaro\u201d di arrivare a segare un tronco sul fondo del fiume Oder.\u00a0Dobbiamo dire che lo <strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">scafandro di Klingert<\/span><\/strong> rappresenta il primo esempio ben costruito di apparecchiatura da immersione pur essendo ancora lontani da qualcosa di veramente fruibile.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">fine parte II &#8211; continua<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Fabio Vitale<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Disegni ed immagini concessi dall&#8217;Autore<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Alcune delle immagini possono essere state prese dal web, citandone ove possibile gli autori e\/o le fonti. Se qualcuno desiderasse specificarne l\u2019autore o rimuoverle, pu\u00f2 scrivere a infoocean4future@gmail.com e provvederemo immediatamente alla correzione dell\u2019articolo<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"maxbutton-3 maxbutton maxbutton-pagina-principale\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"tooltip\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\"><span class='mb-text'>PAGINA PRINCIPALE<\/span><\/a><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"maxbutton-13 maxbutton maxbutton-parte-i\" target=\"_blank\" title=\" tooltip\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/archives\/4715\"><span class='mb-text'>PARTE I<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"maxbutton-14 maxbutton maxbutton-parte-ii\" target=\"_blank\" title=\" tooltip\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/archives\/5827\"><span class='mb-text'>PARTE II<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"maxbutton-15 maxbutton maxbutton-parte-iii\" target=\"_blank\" title=\" tooltip\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/archives\/47709\"><span class='mb-text'>PARTE III<\/span><\/a><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">tempo di lettura: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 4<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minuti<\/span><\/span>. . ARGOMENTO: SUBACQUEA PERIODO: XVIII-XIX SECOLO AREA: STORIA DELLA SUBACQUEA parole chiave: scafandri, subacquea Nel precedente articolo abbiamo visto come, da Alessandro Magno al Borelli passando per Leonardo da Vinci, si fossero piantati i semi che avrebbero fatto germogliare lo scafandro elastico da palombaro a met\u00e0 dell\u2019Ottocento. Pur se teorici ed in parte mai [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":78,"featured_media":41714,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[84],"tags":[647,233,646],"class_list":["post-5827","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-storia-della-subacquea-cultura-del-mare","tag-hard-helm-diver","tag-palombari","tag-scafandri"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Lo scafandro, i primi passi: da Fr\u00e9minet a Klingert - parte II &#8226; OCEAN4FUTURE autore<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/archives\/5827\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"it_IT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lo scafandro, i primi passi: da Fr\u00e9minet a Klingert - parte II &#8226; OCEAN4FUTURE autore\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"tempo di lettura:  4 minuti. . ARGOMENTO: SUBACQUEA PERIODO: XVIII-XIX SECOLO AREA: STORIA DELLA SUBACQUEA parole chiave: scafandri, subacquea Nel precedente articolo abbiamo visto come, da Alessandro Magno al Borelli passando per Leonardo da Vinci, si fossero piantati i semi che avrebbero fatto germogliare lo scafandro elastico da palombaro a met\u00e0 dell\u2019Ottocento. 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Ha partecipato come esperto a numerose trasmissioni televisive tra cui lo speciale sui palombari di Alberto Angeli. 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