{"id":4437,"date":"2018-10-05T02:00:48","date_gmt":"2018-10-05T02:00:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/?p=4437"},"modified":"2026-06-02T18:00:25","modified_gmt":"2026-06-02T16:00:25","slug":"robert-ballard","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/archives\/4437","title":{"rendered":"Protagonisti del mare: Robert Ballard, an Ocean deep sea explorer"},"content":{"rendered":"tempo di lettura: <\/span> 7<\/span> minuti<\/span><\/span>

–<\/span>
\nlivello elementare<\/span><\/a>
\n.<\/span>
\nARGOMENTO: PROTAGONISTI DEL MARE<\/span><\/strong>
\nPERIODO: XX – XXI SECOLO<\/span><\/strong>
\nAREA: STATI UNITI<\/span><\/strong>
\nparole chiave: Ballard, NR 1<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Among the most accomplished and well known of the world’s deep-sea explorers, Robert Ballard is best known for his historic discoveries of hydrothermal vents, the sunken R.M.S. Titanic<\/em><\/i><\/span><\/strong>, the German battleship Bismarck<\/em><\/i><\/span><\/strong>, and numerous other contemporary and ancient shipwrecks around the world. During his long career he has conducted more than 120 deep-sea expeditions using the latest in exploration technology, and he is a pioneer in the early use of deep-diving submarines.\u00a0Doctor Ballard grew up in San Diego,\u00a0California. As many, his juvenile interest in underwater exploration was boosted by the Julius Verne novel “Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea”.<\/p>\n

\"Questa<\/p>\n

Il DSV Alvin \u00e8 un sommergibile di propriet\u00e0 della United States Navy in uso al Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Il suo utilizzo principale \u00e8 l\u2019esplorazione dei fondali marini per scopi scientifici, in particolare per lo studio delle sorgenti idrotermali, o per il ritrovamento di relitti. Le dimensioni di Alvin sono 7,1 metri di lunghezza, 3,7 m di altezza e 2,6 m di larghezza, il suo peso \u00e8 pari a 17 ton. La velocit\u00e0 massima in immersione \u00e8 di circa 2 nodi anche se solitamente l\u2019unit\u00e0 viaggia ad una velocit\u00e0 di crociera di 0,5 nodi. La durata delle immersioni non supera mai le 10 ore, tuttavia il sommergibile trasporta una riserva di ossigeno adeguata a far sopravvivere l\u2019equipaggio fino ad un massimo di 3 giorni. La profondit\u00e0 massima certificata \u00e8 di 4500 metri sotto il livello del mare anche se l\u2019abitacolo \u00e8 progettato per resistere sino a 5720 metri e nei test di pressione artificiale ha resistito sino all\u2019equivalente di una profondit\u00e0 di 6850 metri \u2013 schema dell\u2019Alvin Office of Naval Research \u2013<\/span><\/strong> Alvin (DSV-2) drawing1.jpg \u2013 Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/p>\n

In 1962, Ballard began working for Ocean Systems Group<\/span><\/strong> at North American Aviation getting a part-time job. Curiously, at North American Aviation, he worked on an initial failed proposal to build the submersible\u00a0Alvin<\/i><\/a> for the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution<\/a>. Such experience was educational and lately helped him to develop new equipments.\u00a0In 1965, Ballard graduated from the University of California\u00a0earning an undergraduate degrees in chemistry and geology. His first graduate MS degree (1966) was in geophysics from the University of Haway’s Institute of Geophysics where he trained porpoises and whales.\u00a0Ballard was working towards a Ph.D.\u00a0\u00a0in marine geology \u00a0at the U. S.Ca\u00a0in 1967 when he was called to active duty. Upon his request, Ballard was transferred into the US Navy as an oceanographer and became\u00a0a liaison between the ONR (Office of Naval Research<\/a>) and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution<\/a>,\u00a0Mass.\u00a0After leaving active duty and entering into the Naval Reserve in 1970, Ballard continued working at Woods Hole and persuaded scientist \u00a0to fund and use Alvin<\/i> for undersea research. Four years later Ballard received a Ph.D. in \u00a0marine geology\u00a0and geophysics\u00a0at Rhode Island University.\u00a0Ballard’s first dive in a submersible was in the Ben Franklin<\/i> (PX-15)<\/a> in 1969, off the coast of\u00a0Florida \u00a0during a WHOI expedition. In the summer of 1970, he began a field mapping project of the Gulf of Maine using an air gun to determine the \u00a0structure of the ocean floor.<\/p>\n

During the Summer of 1975, Ballard participated in a joint French-American expedition called Phere<\/span><\/strong>, searching active vents over the Mid Atlantic ridge. The mission was unsuccessful and was repeated in 1979 by a deep towed camera sleds. When Alvin<\/i> inspected one of the sites the scientists observed black smoke billowing out of the vents, something not observed at the Galapogos Rift. Ballard \u00a0dived\u00a0by \u00a0<\/span>Alvin<\/i>\u00a0and, the day after, the black \u00a0smokers were spotted; he was able\u00a0to take temperature reading of the active vent (a temperature of 350\u00a0\u00b0C – 662\u00a0\u00b0F was recorded).\u00a0Ballard and Francheteau continued searching for more vents along the East Pacific Rise until 1982.<\/span><\/p>\n

Marine archaeology<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n<\/span>While Ballard had been interested in the sea since an early age, his work at Woods Hole<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>drove\u00a0\u00a0his interest in shipwrecks.\u00a0His work in the Navy had involved assisting in the development of small, unmanned submersibles that could be tethered to and controlled from a surface ship, and were outfitted with lighting, cameras, and manipulator arms. As early as 1973, Ballard saw this as \u00a0a way of searching for the wreck of\u00a0RMS Titanic<\/i>. In 1977, Ballard led his first expedition, which was unsuccessful. In the summer of 1985, he was transferred on board of R\/V Knorr, financed by the US Navy to secretly search two Navy nuclear powered attack submarines, the USS Scorpion and the USS Thresher, sank in the ’60ties. Ballard proposed to scan the bottom of the sea by his new deepsea underwater ROV, the Argus (see left)<\/i>. However Ballard requested to the USN to receive a financing to his search of the RMS Titanic. His idea was to follow the bottom debris to try to find the main wreck.<\/p>\n

When the\u00a0Knorr<\/i><\/a>\u00a0went back in the area, he started to deploy the ROV over the submarines wreckage. Lately Lessons learnt from the submarine search were used for seeking the Titanic. As well the presence of scattered debris because of the ship implosion helped for the finding.\u00a0Eventually, in September 1985, a boiler was sighted, and soon after that, the hull was found splitted in two. Regrettably, Ballard’s team did not have much time to explore, and he has to return in 1986 to better map and investigate one of the most famous wreck.<\/p>\n

\"Questa
Immagine del Titanic fotografato dal ROV Hercules nel 2004, cortesia del NOAA\/Institute for Exploration\/University of Rhode Island (NOAA\/IFE\/URI)Titanic wreck bow – Robert Ballard – Wikipedia<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

After the discovery of the wreck of the Titanic<\/span><\/strong>,<\/i>\u00a0 Dr. Robert D. Ballard’s next goal was to find the wreck of the German battleship Bismarck<\/i>. \u00a0The ship was sunk \u00a0after a long battle and, out of a crew of over 2,200 men, only 114 survived.\u00a0On 8 June, 1989, after scanning an area of some 200 square miles, He finally found Bismarck<\/i>‘s remains. The wreck lies in the bottom of the cold Atlantic Ocean, 470 miles west of Brest at a depth of 4,790 meters (15,700 feet).\u00a0Ballard kept the wreck’s exact location a secret to prevent other\u00a0divers\u00a0from taking artefacts from the ship, a practice he considered a form of grave robbing. That was also correct considering that, according to the international law, the wreck of the Bismarck<\/i>, sunk in international waters, and is still property of its country of origin, and is considered a war grave.\u00a0His personal fame grow up and more research were financed all over the world, causing sometimes quite few protests by his allegedly way to act. The close proximity with the Tunisian and Italian waters (and the\u00a0national\u00a0responsibilities in such area) created a harsh International reactions concerning the legittimacy to collect such artifacts.\u00a0One of this, it was the Bank Skerki project. Although his research happened in international waters and off the 24 miles border (iaw Montego bay convention) . The project started on 1988 to investigate such area in order to find\u00a0American and German vessel and submarine wrecks.\u00a0During his research an unknown volcano was discovered as well an ancient Roman wreck. All was accurately filmed and analysed by many American universities.<\/p>\n

The follow up was a new project to search ancient wrecks along the route Carthago-Rome on the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. This new ambitious project started on 1989 and was completed on 1997. A mini nuclear submarine (NR1) and two ROVs were employed by the Carolyn Chouest oceanographic vessel<\/span><\/strong>. As far as known, eight ancient wrecks were discovered and few artifacts (15 pieces) were collected. International complaints were very unpleasants.<\/p>\n

Ballard was accused to robber the bottom of the Sea and he left.<\/span> <\/strong>Although International laws are clear on who is responsible for, I wonder if Nations without such equipments could find a trade off in order to perform common researches without sticking in their position. But Doctor Ballard’s research are not stopped. Recently, \u00a0off the coast of northern Turkey, 95 meters\u00a0below the Black Sea, he\u00a0has discovered artefacts\u00a0of an ancient structure that was apparently flooded in a deluge of biblical proportions.\u00a0National Geographic<\/a><\/span><\/strong> reported that this find may lend credence to a theory that a Black Sea flood gave rise to the Noah story and other flood legends. His findings represents \u201cthe first concrete evidence for the occupation of the Black Sea coast prior to its flooding<\/span><\/strong>,<\/em>\u201d says expedition archaeologist Fredrik Hiebert, of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThis is a major discovery that will rewrite the history of civilizations in this key area between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East.\u201d<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ballard<\/span> is president of the Institute for Exploration, scientist emeritus of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and Director of the newly created Center for Ocean Exploration at the University of Rhode Island\u2019s Graduate School of Oceanography.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Besides, his new ship of exploration, the E\/V <\/span><\/strong>Nautilus<\/span><\/strong>,\u00a0<\/em><\/i>a modern 64-meter research vessel, currently based in Bodrum –\u00a0<\/em><\/i>Turkey,\u00a0<\/em><\/i>\u00a0spends five months at Sea each year and is\u00a0exploring the Black Sea, Aegean, Mediterranean, and Atlantic Ocean.\u00a0An interesting feature is that she is able to beam back his exploration around the clock on a channel,\u00a0Nautilus Live<\/em><\/i><\/a>.<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0She\u00a0is equipped\u00a0with a high-bandwidth satellite system to facilitate remote science and education via the Inner Space Center (ISC)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0which shares a live feed from the ROVs with Exploration Command Consoles<\/span><\/strong> located around the world.<\/p>\n

For instance, the Nautilus Live Theater at Mystic Aquarium in Mystic, Connecticut is one of the sites where audience members can be linked to crew members on the ship at sea and can ask them questions directly (wikipedia). About such utility, it\u00a0is important to mention that Ballard developed, in 1989, the first distance learning in US classrooms (and around the world), so called the JASON Project.\u00a0The JASON Project’s<\/span><\/strong> approach to science education immerses students in real-world situations where they are mentored by scientists from organizations like NASA, NOOA, the US Dept. of Energy\u00a0and National Geographic.\u00a0JASON creates these connections using Educational games, videos, live interactivity and social networking to embed its partners’ research in the curriculum.\u00a0Last, in his long career, Ballard has received prestigious awards from the Explorers Club and the National Geographic Societ, the Explorers Medal and the Hubbard Medal, respectively, as well as the Lindbergh Award. In 2003 President George W. Bush presented him with the National Endowment for the Humanities Medal in the Oval Office of the White House.<\/p>\n

More about Black sea research<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/strong>Underwater archaeologist and finder of the sunken Titanic Robert Ballard searches the depths of the Black Sea for evidence of the Biblical Flood. The black sea was once a freshwater lake, but at some time in history the walls broke and the sea flooded in.\u00a0Is this the place where all the flood myths originate, or were the flood myths referring to the worldwide rising sea levels at the end of the Ice Age – stories passed down from generation to generation for centuries before they were written down as fables?<\/p>\n

Reference<\/span><\/strong>
\nRestore the Titanic (nationalgeographic.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

Alcune delle immagini possono essere state prese dal web, citandone ove possibile gli autori e\/o le fonti. Se qualcuno desiderasse specificarne l\u2019autore o rimuoverle, pu\u00f2 scrivere a infoocean4future@gmail.com e provvederemo immediatamente alla correzione dell\u2019articolo<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\nPAGINA PRINCIPALE<\/span><\/a>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

tempo di lettura: <\/span> 7<\/span> minuti<\/span><\/span>– . ARGOMENTO: PROTAGONISTI DEL MARE PERIODO: XX – XXI SECOLO AREA: STATI UNITI parole chiave: Ballard, NR 1   Among the most accomplished and well known of the world’s deep-sea explorers, Robert Ballard is best known for his historic discoveries of hydrothermal vents, the sunken R.M.S. 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