{"id":27214,"date":"2019-01-19T00:02:47","date_gmt":"2019-01-19T00:02:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/?p=27214"},"modified":"2023-07-15T15:45:20","modified_gmt":"2023-07-15T13:45:20","slug":"persistence-of-environmental-dna-in-marine-systems-part-i-rupert-a-collins-owen-s-wangensteen-eoin-j-ogorman-stefano-mariani-david-w-sims-martin-j-genner","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/archives\/27214","title":{"rendered":"Persistence of environmental DNA in marine systems – part I Rupert A. Collins, Owen S. Wangensteen, Eoin J. O\u2019Gorman, Stefano Mariani, David W. Sims & Martin J. Genner"},"content":{"rendered":"tempo di lettura: <\/span> 13<\/span> minuti<\/span><\/span>

.<\/span>
\nlivello difficile<\/span><\/a>
\n.<\/span><\/p>\n

ARGOMENTO: BIOLOGIA<\/span><\/strong>
\nPERIODO: XXI SECOLO<\/span><\/strong>
\nAREA: RICERCA<\/span><\/strong>
\nparole chiave: DNA, marine systems<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Abstract<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\nAs environmental DNA<\/span><\/strong> (eDNA) becomes an increasingly valuable resource for marine ecosystem monitoring, understanding variation in its persistence across contrasting environments is critical. Here, we quantify the breakdown of macrobial eDNA over a spatio-temporal axis of locally extreme conditions, varying from ocean-influenced offshore to urban-inshore, and between winter and summer. We report that eDNA degrades 1.6 times faster in the inshore environment than the offshore environment, but contrary to expectation we find no difference over season. Analysis of environmental covariables show a spatial gradient of salinity and a temporal gradient of pH, with salinity\u2014or the biotic correlates thereof\u2014most important. Based on our estimated inshore eDNA half-life and naturally occurring eDNA concentrations, we estimate that eDNA may be detected for around 48\u2009h, offering potential to collect ecological community data of high local fidelity. We conclude by placing these results in the context of previously published eDNA decay rates.<\/p>\n

The ability to sequence minute concentrations of extra-organismal DNA directly from the aquatic environment is transforming ecological monitoring and environmental management1,2,3. However, the reliability and resolution of our inferences from these environmental DNA (eDNA) surveys is contingent upon the ability to detect the contemporaneous presence of a species, or provide an accurate representation of a community at a specific point in time. The duration or persistence of eDNA molecules in the environment is therefore of critical importance 4,5. For example, comparisons of species richness across protected areas6 or along ecological gradients 7 require consideration of two possibilities. Firstly, that species that are present may not be detected due to, for example, low-organism density (a false negative), or secondly, that species currently absent or never present are detected due to eDNA being transported in from connected areas (false positive). Knowledge of how long eDNA is likely to persist in a given system is therefore of importance to understanding both of these scenarios, and is a pertinent problem for eDNA studies of lotic and marine ecosystems in particular, due to the potential influence of eDNA transport via river or tidal currents. Deiner et al. 8, for instance, reported that eDNA could be recovered up to 10\u2009km downstream of a source population, while Kelly et al. 9 reconstructed site-specific communities despite a tidal cycle. To date, the majority of studies on eDNA degradation rates have focused on freshwater habitats, and mainly in terms of simulated lentic environments in mesocosm experiments, and often using non-natural water sources 10,11,12,13. Experiments representing more diverse natural systems and conditions are now being conducted, for example in ponds with different nutrient profiles14, or in stream mesocosms across a natural acid\u2013base gradient5. In the marine environment, most studies of eDNA degradation have been preliminary or as supporting evidence in wider metabarcoding studies15,16,17,18,19. Sassoubre et al.20, however, made a detailed comparison of release and decay rates among marine fish species, while Andruszkiewicz et al.21 and Jo et al.22 investigated the effects of ultraviolet light and fragment length on marine eDNA decay rates, respectively. Microbiologists have undertaken degradation studies with DNA from marine bacteria typical of faecal pollution events 23,24,25, but it is unclear if these can be generalised due to the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.<\/p>\n

Marine systems present a different set of conditions to freshwater systems in terms of eDNA stability, and previous studies have suggested that eDNA degrades faster in marine systems18,20, despite the potential preservative effect of salt on DNA23. Differences in chemical composition, pH, temperature and biota all play an important role in freshwater eDNA dynamics, with warmer water of a neutral or acidic pH and a low dissolved organic carbon content having the highest degradation rates 5,12,14. However, despite being more chemically homogeneous than freshwater, heterogeneity in natural seawater taken from different locations or at different times of the year has yet to be fully explored (but for a microbial perspective on seasonal nutrient limitation and organic phosphorus, see Salter 26). Here, we evaluate the influence of season and location on eDNA degradation rates by collecting water from different environments in the Western English Channel, representing putatively extreme regional conditions that differ chemically and biologically, and where differential decay may be expected 14,26, viz., an unstable inshore\u2013urban location with high levels of anthropogenic and freshwater terrestrial inputs, a stable, seasonally stratified offshore site beyond the frontal isotherm representing ocean-influenced conditions, and a simulated environmental gradient created by mixing water from these two locations. Experimental water was spiked with natural eDNA from two common European intertidal species (fish and crab). Temporal degradation in eDNA was measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in a controlled aquarium laboratory setup. The experiment was repeated over two contrasting seasons, late winter and late summer, when sea surface temperatures and primary production should be near their respective minima and maxima in this region27. We hypothesise, firstly, that the inshore site will show a faster degradation rate than the offshore site due to a wider range of potential factors that may influence degradation (e.g. freshwater input, lower pH), and secondly, that the summer season will show a faster rate than winter due to the higher temperatures and increased biological activity. Our findings show, as predicted, that eDNA degrades faster in the inshore site than the offshore site, but contrary to our expectations, it is not possible to statistically distinguish summer decay rates from winter decay rates.<\/p>\n

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Lipophrys pholis – Author image Gilles San MartinLipophrys pholis 1.jpg – Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Assay design and controls<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\nA total of 18,675 COI (5\u2032 mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene) sequences from 759 fish and malacostracan species were obtained from GenBank. Twelve COI sequences were obtained from our reference specimens. In silico PCR using MFEprimer indicated no off-target amplifications for the shanny (Lipophrys pholis<\/span><\/em>) and common shore crab (Carcinus maenas<\/span><\/em>) primer pairs chosen (Supplementary Table 1<\/a>).<\/p>\n

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Carcinus maenas aka Common shore crab from the Belgian coastal waters (Westdiep) on board of RV Belgica – Carapace width: 6.2 cm – Lab image Carcinus maenas.jpg – Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Mean assay efficiencies as reported from the standard curves on each plate were 103% (SD\u2009=\u20094.7) for the shanny assay and 106% (SD\u2009=\u20094.3) for the crab assay. Mean R2 values for both assays were 0.996 (SD\u2009=\u20090.004). At 1 \u03bcL of standard per reaction, the crab assay amplified 97% of the 10 copies\/\u03bcL standards, and 37% of the 1 copy\/\u03bcL standards. The shanny assay amplified 97% of the 10 copies\/\u03bcL standards, and 30% of the 1 copy\/\u03bcL standards. Following Agersnap et al.28, the limit of quantification for both assays was ~10 copies\/\u03bcL (=833 copies\/L) and the limit of detection was around 1 copy\/\u03bcL (=83.3 copies\/L). The highest Ct value for a reliable amplification was 38.5, and all positive amplifications below this value were used in subsequent analyses even if below the limit of quantification. In the winter experiment, the proportion of non-amplifying qPCR reactions was 0 at 96\u2009h and 0.56 at 192\u2009h; in the summer experiment, the proportion was 0.19 at 96\u2009h and 0.68 at 192\u2009h. None of the no-template controls amplified in the multiplex qPCR assays. A total of 22 (12 shanny, 10 crab) of the 96 no-treatment controls amplified in one or more qPCRs, with 13 (4 shanny, 9 crab) of these (60%) from the inshore water control where these species were expected to occur. Of the amplifications not from the inshore control, all but two were in just one of the technical replicates, and the mean contamination level averaging over only the positive qPCRs was 70 copies\/L (crab assay) and 186 copies\/L (shanny assay). Of the 24 DNA extractions tested for PCR inhibitors with serial dilution and qPCR, the mean efficiency value was 97% and the maximum was 111.3% (winter, offshore, tank 15).<\/p>\n

Persistence times<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\nOver 192\u2009h, eDNA showed an exponential decay in copies per litre of seawater over two seasons, two species and five experimental water treatments (Fig. 1; Fig. 2). The overall eDNA decay rate k across the natural treatments (synthetic control excluded) and seasons was \u22120.27, which translates to an eDNA half-life of 26.2\u2009h (Table 1). The fastest decay rates were the inshore mixed treatments during the winter crab treatment (\u22120.033; 21.2\u2009h), while the slowest rate was the offshore shanny treatment during the summer experiment at (\u22120.015; 45.6\u2009h). Degradation rates were consistently slower\u2014and therefore half-lives consistently longer\u2014in the offshore water treatments than the inshore and the mixed offshore\/inshore treatments, for both season and species (Fig. 2; Fig. 3; Table 1), and this was statistically significant (p\u2009<\u20090.0003; Table 2). There were no differences among the inshore and mixed treatments (p\u2009>\u20090.99; Table 2). The overall difference between the offshore and inshore treatments\u2014i.e. averaged over assay and season\u2014was 13.9\u2009h (1.55 times slower offshore).<\/p>\n

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Degradation rates were faster in the crab assay than the shanny assay by 4.1\u2009h overall (1.17 times slower in the shanny), but this difference was not statistically significant (p\u2009=\u20090.25; Table 2). Overall degradation rates were faster in winter than in summer by 2.6\u2009h (1.1 times slower in summer), and this was not statistically significant (p\u2009=\u20090.31; Table 2). Degradation rates in the synthetic control were most similar to the offshore treatment (\u22120.019; 36.8\u2009h), and did not differ by assay or season (Table 1; Supplementary Fig. 1).<\/p>\n

Environmental covariates<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\nEnvironmental covariates are presented in Table 3. Overall, pH values were higher in summer than winter across the natural water treatments by an average of 0.49 units, while electrical conductivity (salinity) was lower by 0.7\u2009mS\/cm (1.3%). The offshore treatment had a higher pH than the inshore treatment by an average of 0.03 units, but conductivity was higher by 5.1\u2009mS\/cm (9%). Background DNA was lower in the offshore treatment (418\u2009ng\/L) than the inshore treatment (843\u2009ng\/L) in winter, but higher in the offshore (1475\u2009ng\/L) than the inshore treatment (240\u2009ng\/L) in summer. Temperature at collection in winter was 10.2\u2009\u00b0C for offshore, 9.8\u2009\u00b0C inshore, while in summer, it was 15.4\u2009\u00b0C for offshore and 16.9\u2009\u00b0C for inshore. The synthetic seawater control was characterised by low conductivity (winter 43.5\u2009mS\/cm, summer 43.1\u2009mS\/cm), high pH (winter 8.38, summer 8.77) and low background DNA (winter 45.6\u2009ng\/L, summer 102\u2009ng\/L).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Of the possible covariates, conductivity was found to negatively correlate with eDNA degradation (p\u2009=\u20090.0004), with pH and background DNA concentration having no detectable effect (p\u2009=\u20090.33; p\u2009=\u20090.93).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Starting DNA concentration was significantly positively correlated with degradation (p\u2009<\u20090.0001). In a combined model, pH covaried better with season than treatment (0.96 vs. <0.3), while salinity covaried better with treatment than season (>0.93 vs. 0.08).<\/p>\n

End part I – TO BE CONTINUED<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

table and drawing from cited study Persistence of environmental DNA in marine systems | Communications Biology (nature.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\nLINK TO PART II<\/span><\/a>\n

.<\/span><\/p>\n

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tempo di lettura: <\/span> 13<\/span> minuti<\/span><\/span>. . ARGOMENTO: BIOLOGIA PERIODO: XXI SECOLO AREA: RICERCA parole chiave: DNA, marine systems   Abstract As environmental DNA (eDNA) becomes an increasingly valuable resource for marine ecosystem monitoring, understanding variation in its persistence across contrasting environments is critical. 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Genner • OCEAN4FUTURE autore<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/archives\/27214\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"it_IT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Persistence of environmental DNA in marine systems - part I Rupert A. Collins, Owen S. Wangensteen, Eoin J. O\u2019Gorman, Stefano Mariani, David W. Sims & Martin J. Genner • OCEAN4FUTURE autore\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"tempo di lettura: 13 minuti. . ARGOMENTO: BIOLOGIA PERIODO: XXI SECOLO AREA: RICERCA parole chiave: DNA, marine systems   Abstract As environmental DNA (eDNA) becomes an increasingly valuable resource for marine ecosystem monitoring, understanding variation in its persistence across contrasting environments is critical. 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