{"id":10485,"date":"2016-11-08T00:10:26","date_gmt":"2016-11-08T00:10:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/?p=10485"},"modified":"2023-05-07T16:44:42","modified_gmt":"2023-05-07T14:44:42","slug":"first-record-of-seagrass-cape-verde-eastern-atlantic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/archives\/10485","title":{"rendered":"First record of seagrass in Cape Verde, Eastern Atlantic by\u00a0Joel\u00a0C.\u00a0Creed,\u00a0Aschwin\u00a0H.\u00a0Engelen,\u00a0Emanuel\u00a0C.\u00a0D\u00b4Oliveira,\u00a0Salom\u00e3o\u00a0Bandeira and Ester\u00a0A.\u00a0Serr\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"tempo di lettura: <\/span> 9<\/span> minuti<\/span><\/span>

.<\/span><\/p>\nlivello elementare<\/span><\/a>\n

.<\/span><\/p>\n

ARGOMENTO:  BIOLOGIA<\/span><\/strong>
\nPERIODO: XXI SECOLO<\/span><\/strong>
\nAREA: OCEANO ATLANTICO<\/span><\/strong>
\nparole chiave: seagrass, Capo Verde
\n.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Cape Verde archipelago consists of 10 volcanic islands in the eastern Atlantic Ocean located 570 km off the coast of Western Africa. While the shallow benthic communities have been studied in some detail no seagrasses have been previously reported for the Republic of Cape Verde.<\/p>\n

Results<\/span><\/strong>
\nThe seagrass Halodule wrightii<\/em><\/span> <\/strong>Ascherson was found and described at one location at Praia, Santiago Island. There it formed a number of patches (\u224810) covering a total of\u2009\u2248\u200920 m2<\/sup> at 1.4\u20131.6 m depth on fine sand soft bottoms. Some population characteristics are also reported. Two other sites with seagrass are also reported for the first time.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/span>
\n<\/strong>The current record fills a knowledge gap regarding the distribution of seagrasses in the Tropical North Atlantic and it is expected that seagrasses will be found at other suitable sites within the archipelago.<\/p>\n

Keywords<\/span>
\n<\/strong>Cape Verde<\/span> Distribution<\/span> Halodule wrightii<\/em> <\/span>Morphology<\/span> Population<\/span> Seagrass<\/span><\/p>\n

Background<\/strong><\/span>
\n<\/a> The Cape Verde archipelago<\/span><\/strong> consists of ten volcanic islands in the eastern Atlantic Ocean located 570 km off the coast of Senegal, Western Africa (Fig. <\/a>1<\/a>). Cape Verde lies within the Western African Marine Ecoregion (WAMER) and is particularly significant for marine turtle conservation as five species inhabit and feed in local waters and it hosts one of the most important nesting populations of the loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta<\/em> in the world (Marco et al. 2011<\/a><\/span>). While the shallow benthic communities have been catalogued and studied in some detail (Boekschoten and Best 1988<\/a><\/span>; Morri and Bianchi 1995<\/a><\/span>; Morri et al. 2000<\/a><\/span>; Otero-Schmitt 1995a<\/a><\/span>, b<\/a><\/span>, c<\/a><\/span>; Entrambasaguas et al. 2008<\/a><\/span>; Monteiro et al. 2008<\/a><\/span>; D\u2019Oliveira 2010<\/a><\/span>) no seagrasses have been previously reported in the literature for the Republic of Cape Verde. According to Short et al. (2007<\/a><\/span>) Cape Verde falls within the Tropical Atlantic seagrass Bioregion 2. This bioregion has ten seagrass species but is dominated by three species, Thalassia testudinum<\/em> Banks ex K\u00f6nig in K\u00f6nig et Sims, Syringodium filiforme<\/em> K\u00fctzing in Hohenacker and Halodule wrightii<\/em>. However, the west coast of Africa only has H. wrightii<\/em> and, extending from the Mediterranean Bioregion, Cymodocea nodosa<\/em> (Ucria) Ascherson and Zostera noltii<\/em> Hornemann (Short et al. 2007<\/a><\/span>), both having their southernmost records at Senegal, while H. wrightii<\/em> reaches its northern limit nearby at Banc d\u00b4Arguin in Mauritania (Cunha and Ara\u00fajo 2009<\/a><\/span>). Unless geographical isolation occurs it would be expected to find these seagrasses growing in suitable locations around the Cape Verde archipelago. Notwithstanding, to date no seagrasses have been reported in the literature from the islands. The aim of the present study is to report the first record of seagrass in Cape Verde.<\/p>\n

\"https:\/\/static-content.springer.com\/image\/art%3A10.1186%2Fs41200-016-0067-9\/MediaObjects\/41200_2016_67_Fig1_HTML.gif\"<\/p>\n

Fig. 1 Map of the Cape Verde archipelago and detail of Santiago Island and sites (circles) of occurrence of the seagrass Halodule wrightii. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Methods<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/span><\/strong>A search for seagrasses was conducted on Santiago Island, Cape Verde (15\u00b003\u2019N 23\u00b039\u2019W) in April 2015. Using local information, satellite images of the region (for coastal geomorphology and wave exposure) and researchers\u2019 experience, sites most favorable for seagrass development were identified. When accessible shore dives were conducted by snorkel divers who searched the bottom at these sites. Where seagrass was found, photographs and qualitative samples were taken in accordance with the relevant legislation. Nine core (diameter 5 cm) samples were taken to estimate some population parameters (shoot density, as well as above and below ground biomass). Plants were examined and their morphology described.<\/p>\n

\n

Results<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/strong>The seagrass Halodule wrightii<\/em> was found at one location between Gamboa beach and Ilheu Santa Maria, Praia, Santiago Island (14\u00b054’32.47″N 23\u00b030’37.86″W; Fig. 1<\/a><\/span>). This site contains a harbor area and is wave protected by the island (Ilheu Santa Maria) and a shallow reef to the south. H. wrightii<\/em> formed a number of patches (\u224810) covering a total of\u2009\u2248\u200920 m2<\/sup> at 1.4\u20131.6 m depth on fine sand soft bottoms (Fig. 2<\/a><\/span>). The mean shoot density was 5998 shoots\u2219m\u22122<\/sup> (SE\u2009=\u20091247), canopy height was 8.3 cm (SE\u2009=\u20090.3), mean aboveground biomass was 22.96 g\u2219m\u22122<\/sup> (SE\u2009=\u20095.45), mean belowground biomass was 101.25 g\u2219m\u22122<\/sup> (SE\u2009=\u200919.97) and total biomass was 120 g\u2219m\u22122<\/sup> (SE\u2009=\u20090.02).<\/p>\n

\"https:\/\/static-content.springer.com\/image\/art%3A10.1186%2Fs41200-016-0067-9\/MediaObjects\/41200_2016_67_Fig2_HTML.gif\"<\/p>\n

Fig. 2 Photograph of the shoalgrass (Halodule wrightii) bed at Praia, Santiago Island, Cape Verde<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

The marine gastropod Turritella bicingulata<\/em> Lamarck, 1822 was the most outstanding animal associated with the H. wrightii<\/em> beds. H. wrightii<\/em> was also found at two other sites on Santiago Island (Moia-moia or Ba\u00eda of Nossa Sra da Luz [15\u00b0 2’27.91″N; 23\u00b027’2.44″W] and the bay south of Porto Lobo, [15\u00b0 0’3.25″N; 23\u00b026’12.69″W], both on the south east side of Santiago Island, Fig. 1<\/a><\/span>).<\/p>\n

Description of Halodule wrightii Aschers. from Santiago Island, Cape Verde
\n<\/span><\/strong><\/span>Rhizomes (0.5-) 0.8 (\u22121.2) mm in diameter; internodes (1.3-) 2.4 (\u22123.7) cm long. Leaf sheath (0.9-) 2.3 (\u22124.2) cm long; leaf-blade (5.2-) 6.0 (\u22127.2) cm long and (0.3-) 0.6 (\u22120.8) mm wide, narrowed at the base, no small tooth on midrib, lateral nerves inconspicuous, ending in a narrow tooth usually 1\/3\u20132\/3 length of leaf width, apex bicuspidate, inner side of the lateral teeth more or less concave, sometimes with a few, very small, irregular serrations (Fig. 3). No flowers or fruit present.<\/p>\n

.<\/span>\"https:\/\/static-content.springer.com\/image\/art%3A10.1186%2Fs41200-016-0067-9\/MediaObjects\/41200_2016_67_Fig3_HTML.gif\"<\/p>\n

 Fig. 3 Leaf tips of examined material, bar\u2009=\u20091 mm<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Discussion<\/span><\/strong>
\n<\/span>The current record fills a knowledge gap regarding the distribution of seagrasses in the Tropical North Atlantic. According to den Hartog and Kuo (2006<\/a><\/span>) H. wrightii<\/em> is widely distributed in the Caribbean from Cuba and the smaller Antilles and southwards to Brazil at Paran\u00e1 (de Souza Barros et al. 2014<\/a><\/span>), whereas on the Atlantic coasts of Africa it is reported in Mauritania, Senegal and Angola but its distribution is expected to be wider (den Hartog and Kuo, 2006<\/a><\/span>). According to the distribution map in Green and Short (2003<\/a><\/span>; p 274) H. wrightii<\/em> also occurs on the west coast of Africa in Nigeria, Benin, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Guinea Bissau and S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe; on the east coast of Africa in Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya; as well as Madagascar, Oman and the east coast of India. However, more recent genetic studies suggest that H. wrightii<\/em>is not present on the eastern African coast (Waycott et al. 2004<\/a><\/span>). The present record is located at an interesting biogeographic transition zone where northern and southern seagrass species meet, close to the northern latitudinal limit of H. wrightii<\/em> at Banc d\u2019Arguin, Mauritania, and to the southernmost record for meadows of Cymodocea nodosa<\/em>, which are often mixed with H. wrightii<\/em> and Z. noltii<\/em> (Cunha and Ara\u00fajo 2009<\/a><\/span>).<\/p>\n

\n

It is important to note that there are numerous places online [e.g. IUCN red list (www.iucnredlist.org\/<\/span><\/a><\/span>), Encyclopedia of Life (www.eol.org\/<\/span><\/a><\/span>) etc.] where seagrass is recorded for the Cape Verde Islands. However records are inconsistent and primary sources are not supplied. For example the IUCN Red List database (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015\u20134. <www.iucnredlist.org<\/span><\/a><\/span>>. Downloaded on 17 March 2016) describes the \u2018Range Description\u2019 of Z. noltii<\/em> as \u201c\u2026also occurs in western Africa in Mauritania and in the Canary and Cape Verde Islands\u201d, lists Cape Verde as a \u2018Country of Occurrence\u2019 and provides a map where the species is indicated as present. For C. nodosa<\/em> the IUCN Red List database records \u201c\u2026extends into the Atlantic Ocean north to mid-Portugal and south to Madeira and to the Canary and Cape Verde Islands….\u201d, provides a map where the species is indicated as present but does not list the Cape Verde Republic as a \u2018Country of Occurrence\u2019. H. wrightii<\/em> is neither described nor mapped for the Cape Verde Archipelago or Republic in the IUCN Red List database.<\/p>\n

It would seem that such records are likely based on \u2018predicted distribution\u2019 so actual survey data such as the present study are an important addition to anecdotal cases. It is important to point out that historically there has also been some confusion in the literature between the \u201cCap Vert\u2009=\u2009Cape Verde\u201d (continental Africa, where seagrass occurs) and the Cape Verde Islands (Wirtz et al. 2013<\/a><\/span>, and references therein).<\/p>\n

The fact that seagrasses have not previously been reported for the Cape Verde Islands would suggest that they have simply been overlooked in the past. This is not surprising, as most phycologists have until now focused attention on the flora of the rocky shores of the area. One of the first scientists that may have overlooked seagrasses was the illustrious Charles Darwin; on board the HMS Beagle, as in 1832 his first extended port-of-call was at Praia, southeastern Santiago (Baarli et al. 2013<\/a><\/span>) where we found H. wrightii<\/em>. More recent descriptions of the shallow subtidal benthos of Cape Verde also make no mention of seagrasses (e.g. Morri et al. 2000<\/a><\/span>; Otero-Schmitt 1995a<\/a><\/span>, b<\/a><\/span>, c<\/a><\/span>; Entrambasaguas et al. 2008<\/a><\/span>) so we believe that this is the first report of seagrasses in the archipelago. As such we would predict that a systematic survey of soft bottoms of the Cape Verde islands will probably result in further new records. The confirmation that seagrass occurs in the Cape Verde Archipelago is of wider relevance for local marine conservation as seagrass can be an important food source\/habitat for protected species such as turtles.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n

\n

Conclusions<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/span><\/strong>Seagrass is reported for the first time for the Cape Verde Archipelago. Halodule wrightii<\/em> was found at three locations on Santiago Island. The current record fills a knowledge gap regarding the distribution of seagrasses in the Tropical North Atlantic. We would predict that a systematic survey of soft bottoms of the Cape Verde islands will probably result in further new records of seagrasses in the region.<\/p>\n

Creed, J.C., Engelen, A.H., D\u00b4Oliveira, E.C. et al.<\/i> <\/span><\/strong>
\nFirst record of seagrass in Cape Verde<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

.<\/span><\/div>\n

\nFull article : Marine Biodiversity Records <\/span>2016<\/span>9:57
\n<\/span><\/span>DOI: 10.1186\/s41200-016-0067-9 <\/a><\/span>\u00a9 Creed et al. 2016<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
\n

Abbreviations<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/span><\/strong>SE Standard Error<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n

Acknowledgements<\/strong><\/span>
\nThis study was made possible given the support from the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia de Portugal and the Cape Verde University. We thank Peter Wirtz and a reviewer for great advice.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Funding<\/span>
\n<\/strong>JCC was supported by Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (Ci\u00eancias do Mar 1137\/2010); Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (E26\/201.286\/2014); and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (305330\/2010-1). AHE and EAS were supported by FCT \u2014 Portuguese Science Foundation through fellowships SFRH\/BPD\/63\/03\/2009 and SFRH\/BPD\/107878\/2015.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Availability of supporting data<\/span>
\n<\/strong>The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is included within the article as photographs and geographical coordinates.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Authors\u2019 contributions<\/span>
\n<\/strong>JCC and AHE carried out fieldwork; JCC, AHE and ECD compiled records; All authors wrote parts of, read and corrected the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Competing interests<\/span>
\n<\/strong>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Consent for publication – Ethics approval and consent to participate<\/span>
\n<\/strong>Not applicable.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Open Access<\/span>
\n<\/strong>This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/<\/span><\/a><\/span>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/<\/span><\/a><\/span>) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n

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References<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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     <\/p>\nPAGINA PRINCIPALE<\/span><\/a>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    tempo di lettura: <\/span> 9<\/span> minuti<\/span><\/span>. . ARGOMENTO:  BIOLOGIA PERIODO: XXI SECOLO AREA: OCEANO ATLANTICO parole chiave: seagrass, Capo Verde . The Cape Verde archipelago consists of 10 volcanic islands in the eastern Atlantic Ocean located 570 km off the coast of Western Africa. While the shallow benthic communities have been studied in some detail no seagrasses have been previously reported […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2398,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[791,1247,208,1248],"class_list":["post-10485","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ecologia-marina","tag-biology","tag-capo-verde","tag-ecology","tag-seagrass"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFirst record of seagrass in Cape Verde, Eastern Atlantic by\u00a0Joel\u00a0C.\u00a0Creed,\u00a0Aschwin\u00a0H.\u00a0Engelen,\u00a0Emanuel\u00a0C.\u00a0D\u00b4Oliveira,\u00a0Salom\u00e3o\u00a0Bandeira and Ester\u00a0A.\u00a0Serr\u00e3o • OCEAN4FUTURE autore<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ocean4future.org\/savetheocean\/archives\/10485\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"it_IT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"First record of seagrass in Cape Verde, Eastern Atlantic by\u00a0Joel\u00a0C.\u00a0Creed,\u00a0Aschwin\u00a0H.\u00a0Engelen,\u00a0Emanuel\u00a0C.\u00a0D\u00b4Oliveira,\u00a0Salom\u00e3o\u00a0Bandeira and Ester\u00a0A.\u00a0Serr\u00e3o • OCEAN4FUTURE autore\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"First record of seagrass in Cape Verde, eastern Atlantic by\u00a0Joel\u00a0C.\u00a0Creed,\u00a0Aschwin\u00a0H.\u00a0Engelen,\u00a0Emanuel\u00a0C.\u00a0D\u00b4Oliveira,\u00a0Salom\u00e3o\u00a0Bandeira and Ester\u00a0A.\u00a0Serr\u00e3o Marine Biodiversity Records20169:57 DOI: 10.1186\/s41200-016-0067-9 \u00a9 \u00a0Creed et al.\u00a02016 \u00a0 Abstract Background The Cape Verde archipelago consists of 10 volcanic islands in the eastern Atlantic Ocean located 570\u00a0km off the coast of Western Africa. 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